Clarendon Vision Advanced EyeCare

Products And Services

• Vision Therapy

  The goal of a vision therapy treatment program is to develop, improve and enhance visual efficiency and visual perceptual skills. Once treated, a patient can benefit from a positive lifelong change in overall comfort, performance, and quality of life. Vision therapy is designed to help patients of all ages and with various diagnoses. It greatly benefits children who struggle with school performance or emotional and behavioral challenges that are triggered by functional vision problems. It is also a critical treatment modality for our neuro-optometric patients. This includes adults seeking to improve visual efficiency for enhanced work performance, those who are suffering from post-concussion/traumatic brain injury symptoms and who are looking to get back to normal life, or those suffering from symptoms of dizziness and anxiety while driving. Conditions Treated by Vision Therapy One of the more common and better-known binocular vision conditions treated using vision therapy is called convergence insufficiency. It occurs when the eyes do not properly align during near work tasks such as reading or learning. When the visual system is fully functional, the eyes should naturally converge (turn inward together and align) while looking at a close object or reading, resulting in a single image. ​​​​​​​ Those who suffer from convergence insufficiency can experience double/overlapping or shadowy vision, eyestrain, headache, fatigue, and reduced reading comprehension. For children struggling with convergence insufficiency, this may also contribute to difficulty concentrating while reading and doing schoolwork. Adults with convergence insufficiency may notice they are transposing numbers or that their visual stamina is lacking causing a need for frequent visual breaks. Vision therapy is also prescribed for (but not limited to) the following: Reading and Learning Related Vision Problems Amblyopia (Lazy Eye) and Strabismus (Eye Turn) Binocular Vision Dysfunction Concussion and Brain Injury Dizziness and Vestibular Digital Eye Strain Fortunately, treatment using vision therapy, results in improved success in school, work, and everyday life. Components of a Vision Therapy Treatment Program Our doctors and vision therapists address vision problems with individualized office-based vision therapy treatment programs that deliver the most effective results. We pride ourselves in utilizing the latest technology and proven methods to address patient’s visual challenges while keeping therapy engaging, enjoyable and productive. In-office Vision Therapy An individualized vision therapy treatment program reorganizes neural pathways by building new synapses to enhance visual skills performance. The result is a fully functional vision system that continues to develop and improve as the patient uses their new vision. Syntonic Light Therapy Syntonic light therapy involves the use of customizable colored filters with different wavelength of lights that balance the autonomic nervous system through vision. Syntonic light therapy can be a great adjunct to vision therapy or a stand-alone treatment, especially for patients who suffered a concussion or traumatic brain injury (TBI). VIVID Vision Virtual Reality This engaging treatment modality using virtual reality technology is used as an adjunct to improve binocularity and visual function. Virtual reality is a unique approach to treatment that has been life changing for patients diagnosed with strabismus and amblyopia. It is a great way to engage patients of all ages and can be used in the clinic as well as for home therapy. Performance and SHAW lenses Low powered or prism glasses (aka performance lenses) can help support the development of the visual system and reduce visual stresses that otherwise lead to inefficient compensatory mechanisms. SHAW lenses support the development of binocularity and the overall visual system in the presence of unequal refractive error between two eyes. Outcomes of Vision Therapy Treatment Improved School Performance and Self-Confidence Vision therapy unlocks a child’s potential when vision is a barrier to reading and learning. With improvements in reading, spelling, writing and even the ability to pay attention, patients, once again, become happy, confident children who are eager to learn. Improved Sports Performance Athletic performance improvements align with enhancements in visual skills such as eye tracking, eye teaming and eye focusing. A more efficient visual system translates to better reaction time, more accurate eye hand coordination and improved stamina. Improved Work Performance Prolonged use of electronics and digital devices is exhausting on our visual systems. When we can no longer compensate for the increased demands, symptoms start to interfere with our performance.

  Link: Vision Therapy

• Myopia Management

  Early myopia intervention can help your child by reducing their eye health risks. We offer non-invasive, non-surgical treatments proven to manage and control myopia. Researchers believe that the environment kids grow up in today is contributing to the rapid increase in childhood myopia. Contributing factors include too many close distance activities (like reading or device use) and lack of outdoor play. While glasses and contact lenses compensate for a child’s blurry distance vision, they don’t stop your child’s vision from continuing to deteriorate. As children grow, myopia often develops as they reach school age and, untreated, progresses into the late teens. The Danger Of Myopia Studies now show there is more to worry about with myopic eyes than the inconvenience of ever-thickening lenses. Scientific evidence has proven that myopic patients are more vulnerable to a range of sight-threatening diseases and complications. Patients with even a mild degree of myopia have a four-fold increase in the risk of retinal detachment. For those with moderate to severe myopia (more than 5 diopters), the risk increases ten plus times. One study concluded that more than 50 percent of retinal detachments not related to trauma are associated with myopia. Other myopia risks include glaucoma, cataracts and myopic maculopathy (macular degeneration). Myopia Can Be Managed The dangers of myopia, in conjunction with the normal challenges of poor vision, mean it is important for parents of myopic children to manage the condition as part of your child’s eye health. The goal of myopia management is to slow or even stop the progression of myopia and reduce its impact on your child’s life. The earlier myopia management begins, the more effective the treatment. We have expanded our children’s myopia management service in partnership with Treehouse Eyes®, the country’s leading myopia management service. This revolutionary system, designed to treat your child’s myopia and significantly reduce the threat of more serious eye diseases, is one of the most important innovations since glasses were first prescribed hundreds of years ago. How It Works? Prescription glasses or traditional contacts lenses only correct the symptoms of myopia. As Treehouse Eyes doctors, we use state-of-the-art equipment to develop a personalized treatment plan for your child. A thorough case history is conducted to determine patient and family history, refractive status and prior changes in power are noted, visual acuity is recorded, axial length is measured, and corneal topographies are collected. With this information, the doctors can make a confident decision on treatment modalities to minimize the myopic progression and maximize long-term visual outcomes. Our non-invasive treatments include customized contact lenses and special prescription eye drops. KIDS OrthoKeratology (OrthoK) lenses Orthokeratology is an amazing technology that uses gas permeable lenses to gently reshape the cornea. KIDS OrthoK lenses are custom designed and are worn only at night during sleep. Removing lenses in the morning allows for potentially clear 20/20 vision and eliminates the need for any daytime glasses or contacts. The lenses are worn every night to maintain the newly molded shape of the cornea and initial improvement in vision occurs in as little as one to two nights. This method of myopia management has shown excellent control of myopia progression. Specialty Soft Multifocal contact lenses Specialty Soft multifocal contact lenses are normally worn during the day and have also been shown to slow down the progression of myopia. Soft multifocal lenses are generally replaced with a new lens every day; however, there are custom designed lenses for a more complicated situation which are replaced less frequently. For best results, these lenses should be worn for a minimum of 10 hours per day, six days per week. Pharmacologic interventions Within the last several years, compounded Atropine eye drops have gained popularity in controlling myopia. Atropine eye drops in high concentrations have been used for decades to treat amblyopia or “lazy eye”. However, research has also demonstrated that in lower concentrations Atropine can be very effective in controlling myopia progression. This treatment intervention is great for children who have a low prescription, or they are not a good candidate for the contact lens modality for myopia management. Combination Therapy Should we determine through careful follow up of your child’s myopia management treatment that the current treatment modality does not produce optimal myopia control, we will discuss a combination therapy approach. Combo therapy may mean adding drops to the contact lens treatment modality or vice versa and is often only needed for a short period of time.

  Link: Myopia Management

• Neuro-Optometry

  Neuro-optometry is a sub-specialty in the field of optometry that focuses on the function of the visual system after it has been altered by a neurological event. These events can include brain injuries, concussions, strokes and neuro-degenerative diseases. This sub-specialty also addresses patient care needs when increased near visual demands or significant life stressors cause the visual system to decompensate. Whether the patient suffered a neurological event or has decompensated eye postures, we frequently find that these patients also suffer from a Binocular Vision Dysfunction (BVD). Why is Vision Impacted by Neurological Deficits or Increased Stress? More than half of the brain is involved in processing visual information. Therefore, if the brain sustains an injury or significant stress of some sort, it is more than likely that vision will be affected in one way or another. Regardless of the underlying cause for the visual deficits, most patients will experience a similar set of symptoms of varying degrees. ​​​​​​​ Symptoms of a Disrupted Visual System dizziness headaches blurred vision double or overlapping vision difficulty focusing feeling of eyes crossing or not working together poor visual memory difficulty concentrating visual field loss poor depth perception anxiety while driving panic attacks What is Neuro-Optometric Rehabilitation (NOR)? Our doctors specialize in Neuro-Optometric Rehabilitation (NOR), an individualized treatment approach using a variety of treatment modalities to support patients in their recovery and long-term success. Based on history, symptoms, and diagnosis, patients may find symptom relief by wearing a new or updated glasses prescription with advanced lens options. In other cases, patients may benefit from a program that includes multiple treatment modalities for full recovery. Neuro-Optometric Treatment Options Lenses and Prism Lenses that support near visual demands and enhance performance. Lenses designed specifically for driving to reduce symptoms. Prism lenses that relieve visual stress induced by misaligned eyes. Lenses that maximize spatial perception which improves the patient’s orientation and mobility. Binasal Occlusion and Tints Reduce visual motion sensitivity to alleviate dizziness symptoms while driving. Enhance eye coordination and eye tracking for improved reading speed and comprehension. Reduce visual overload to alleviate light sensitivity and improve visual processing. Vision Rehabilitation Uniquely tailored vision therapy program that improves and enhances deficient visual skills. Therapy is designed to achieve optimal recovery and regain in function while carefully monitoring for symptoms. The treatment program is tailored to each patient’s needs and lifestyle for the most successful, long-term outcomes. Syntonic Light Therapy Light Therapy uses certain selected light frequencies (colors) to balance the autonomic nervous system through vision. Clinically shown to be effective in the treatment of brain injuries and concussions. Treatment is short-term and enhances the results of other interventions. Outcomes of Neuro-Optometric Rehabilitation Improved visual function leading to decreased or complete resolution of overall symptoms and improvements in daily activities. Decreased or complete resolution in feeling overwhelmed or anxious while driving or in busy environments, such as malls or big box stores. Improved integration of vision with other systems such as vestibular and proprioception, alleviating dizziness and leading to improvements in overall coordination and balance. Significant reduction or complete resolution of headaches, migraines, eye strain and light sensitivity. Neuro-Optometric Rehabilitation results are also reflected in our patient success stories. The path to Neuro-Optometric Rehabilitation starts with a Neuro-Optometric evaluation.

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• Pediatric Optometry

  Vision is a Learned Skill Children are not born with a fully developed visual system, but rather, it is a learned skill during early developmental stages. Just like learning to walk and talk, babies learn visual skills such as focusing their eyes, moving them accurately, and using them together as a team. Part of this vision development is the ability to gather and interpret the information that the child sees. This allows children to understand the world around them and appropriately interact with it. When Should My Child Have Their First Eye exam?​​​​​​​ It takes several years and many milestones for the function of the visual system to become fully operational and efficient. Parents play an important role in ensuring that their child's eyes and vision can develop properly. Having your child’s vision monitored by a Developmental Optometrist provides parents with the most comprehensive assessment of the child’s visual development beginning at infancy and throughout childhood. There are many activities, games, and toys that parents can use to help encourage efficient vision development in their children. Our doctors can provide guidance based on age level. Why is Assessing Vision Important to Your Child’s Overall Development? A child’s visual system provides information and stimulation important for their overall development even before they learn to reach and grab with their hands or crawl and sit-up. Therefore, undiagnosed vision problems in infants can cause developmental delays. It is important to detect any vision problems in early developmental stages to ensure the child has proper intervention and support, as early as possible, to develop the visual abilities they need to grow and learn. As the child continues to grow, exploring space and the world around them is a critical component to normal development of the focusing and tracking systems. These skills will be extremely important for a child’s school readiness and their ability to learn. With expanding interests in near work activities and preparation for preschool, parents should schedule the child’s vision exam to ensure skills necessary for school readiness are developing properly. It is important to keep in mind that vision screening done at school or by a pediatrician does not replace these comprehensive eye exams done by a Developmental Optometrists. It is important to note that gross and fine motor delays can impact visual motor development (or vice versa). Some children have a hard time meeting gross motor milestones because they may have an uncorrected refractive error or difficulty with their eye teaming that is impeding clear and single vision. Specialized lenses can help improve visual function at even the youngest age, which in turn improves gross motor skills. Parents should not delay visiting a Developmental Optometrist if the child is in Early Intervention (EI) program or is needing Occupational/Physical therapy (OT/PT) services or parents are simply concerned about their child’s development. Pediatric Optometry Services at Clarendon Vision Development Center Include: Pediatric Specialty Vision Exams This functional vision exam assesses for all types of visual deficits in children of all ages who may have a previous vision-related diagnoses or whose parents/guardians have a concern with their performance. This exam type can also be uniquely tailored for the Special Needs population and nonverbal children of any age or range of sensory delays. Our doctors and clinical team collaborate with the patient’s outside care team to provide therapy modifications and enhancements that improve overall child’s development. InfantSEE Vision Exams This type of vision assessment is for children 6 to 12 months of age and is done at no cost to the patient. This exam is considered the standard of care for examining the developing visual skills at this age. It can identify and prevent serious eye diseases and conditions therefore preserve visual health and abilities. Toddler and Preschool Age Primary Care Vision Exams Whether the child is experiencing vision-related symptoms or not, all children should have their second eye exam by at least the age of 3. With increased interest in near work activities at this age, this is a key time to flag for any delayed visual skills. At this age, children may not even be aware that their vision is weak, or they may assume that any vision deficiency they have is normal. The child does not need to recognize letters or numbers to successfully complete the exam. Our doctors are skilled at identifying deficits in visual skills even if the patient is a pre-reader or is not able to articulate that there is a problem.

  Link: Pediatric Optometry

• Primary Eyecare

  We are a full-service, specialty optometry practice that also sees patients for comprehensive ​​​​​​​eyecare. Your exam experience, however, will be far from just a routine eye exam. Our Unique Approach Our unique approach to primary eyecare is rooted in our advanced clinical training and understanding of the visual system and its development. This means that the patient experiences a more thorough eye exam, including a screening that assesses the skill levels of how the visual system functions. Assessing these skills is crucial because it will identify whether the patient has any reduced visual performance that interferes with school, work or other daily activities. If a visual deficiency is identified, this assessment also helps determine the most appropriate next steps to care and treatment. In addition, we invest the time to learn about our patients and their visual needs. We evaluate eye health using the latest technologies to give our patients the most comfortable experience and our doctors the most comprehensive vision and eye health data allowing for individualized, effective treatment. We are a full-service, specialty optometry practice that also sees patients for comprehensive ​​​​​​​eyecare. Your exam experience, however, will be far from just a routine eye exam. What to Expect from Our Comprehensive Eye Exams? Our comprehensive eye exams will evaluate for: functional visual skills (how efficiently your eyes work together for optimal performance in work, school and daily life). the impact of near work and/or the use of digital devices (leading to dry eyes, retinal eye health, eye strain and headaches) on your visual performance. the potential of myopia (nearsightedness) development in children; early intervention may prevent or delay the onset of myopia. the most appropriate intervention for existing myopia (nearsightedness) to prevent further worsening of eyesight. risks for eye diseases such as glaucoma, cataracts, macular degeneration, and retina disease. eye complications eye complications from other health conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure or elevated cholesterol. your glasses prescription for optimal visual performance and comfort. your contact lens fitting and prescription as an alternative to glasses.

  Link: Primary Eyecare

• Specialty Optical

  At Clarendon Vision Development Center​​​​​​​, we understand that the benefits of the right glasses and contact lenses are life changing for patients. Our optical standards include: The most advanced lens treatments available High quality eyewear and lens products Technology for the most precise and accurate prescription Strict frame and lens quality control done by our clinical team Any deviation from the doctor’s prescription, despite falling within tolerance of a lab’s quality, may impact lens effectiveness and cause unwanted visual symptoms for the patient. This is why our in-house team inspects all products before being dispensed to our patients. ​​​​​​​ Children’s Optical The right frame and lens will help your child perform in school, play and other daily activities. We offer a variety of brands and styles made for all ages and needs. We carry truly indestructible children’s frames so parents can feel at ease. Advanced Lenses Patients can benefit from advanced lens technology including Shaw lenses and performance lenses with PRISM technology, tints, filters, blue-light protection, and different powers. These advanced lenses are also available in sunglasses across our designer frame styles. Quality Frames We carry a large selection of quality designer frames across eyeglasses and sunglasses. Our experienced optical team will work with you to identify the best fit and style. Sports From sports glasses to protective eyewear, we offer solutions for different lifestyles.

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• Neurolens

  If you’re suffering from eye strain, headaches or neck pain, you’re not alone. You may be surprised to learn that about two out of three people experience symptoms of eye misalignment. The recent shift to remote and hybrid work has caused that number to increase, but many people don’t even know what eye misalignment is. Even minor misalignments can cause a variety of uncomfortable, painful symptoms that affect how you live and work. The good news is that relief is in sight and Neurolenses can truly change your life. Watch this video to learn more. Do You Suffer From Any Of These Symptoms? ● Dry Eyes ● Eye Fatigue ● Eye Strain ● Headaches ● Neck Tension ● Shoulder Pain ​​​​​​​● Motion Sickness If So, You May Be A Good Candidate For Neurolenses! What Are the Effects of Eye Misalignment? Eye misalignment occurs when your eyes and brain have difficulty working together to produce a single, clear image. Constant need for eyes to realign in order to keep the image single and clear irritates the trigeminal nerve, the largest cranial nerve in your head. This leads to the trigeminal nerve being overstimulated causing trigeminal dysphoria and a range of uncomfortable symptoms. One of the branches of the trigeminal nerve innervates the eye muscles. Constant eye misalignment overstimulates the nerves causing uncomfortable symptoms in the eyes, head, and neck. What Are Neurolenses? Neurolenses are designed to reduce the overstimulation of the trigeminal nerve and bring your eyes into alignment by using “contoured prism” technology. As more and more Americans use computers, laptops and smartphones regularly, the number of people who experience symptoms of eye misalignment continues to grow. Did you know that eye misalignment is a common underlying issue behind digital vision syndrome? If you frequently use digital devices, you’re probably familiar with symptoms such as dry eye, headaches, blurry vision and eye strain. The contoured prism design of Neurolenses brings your eyes into alignment and alleviates the symptoms that are holding you back from doing what you love. In fact, 93% of patients who have tried Neurolenses responded positively and said they experienced dramatic symptom relief within a matter of weeks! How Do Neurolenses Work? It all starts by taking a quick Neurolens Test to find out if you’re a candidate for Neurolens. Even patients who do not need prescription glasses to see better can greatly benefit from Neurolens when the visual system is overloaded and symptomatic. Simply schedule an appointment with our team, and your eye care provider at Clarendon Vision Development Center will be able to evaluate your symptoms and use the Neurolens Measurement Device to detect any eye misalignment. This non-invasive test only takes a few minutes to complete and makes it easier for your doctor to diagnose eye misalignment and get you well on your way to comfortable vision. Neurolenses are worn on a full-time or as needed basis, and lenses can be customized to contain your current corrective prescription along with the correction needed to treat misalignment. They can also fit into most types of frames. If you don’t currently wear prescription eyeglasses, don’t worry! Neurolenses can still help improve your eye misalignment and help alleviate most of your symptoms. Treatment Outcomes and Patient Successes Headache Relief Neck and Shoulder Pain Relief Dizziness Relief

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• Dry Eye Disease

  What is Dry Eye Disease? Tears are essential for good eye heath. Healthy tears maintain a stable tear film over the eye between blinks. If the tear film is not thick enough or doesn’t have enough lipid layer (the outer layer that holds the tear together), the tear can break apart and expose the surface of the eye. If this happens regularly, dry eye disease may result. What Causes Dry Eyes? Aging Allergens Insufficient blinking (such as when staring at a computer screen or other electronic devices) Dry, dusty or windy climates Medication side effects Eye surgery Symptoms of Dry Eye Disease Burning, stinging or scratchy sensation Frequent dryness Excessive tearing Sensitivity to light Blurry or unstable vision after blinking Eye pain or discomfort Dry Eye Treatment Using Equinox Low Level Light Therapy (LLLT) Equinox Low Level Light Therapy (LLLT) is a powerful and unique treatment that is non-invasive, pain-free, and stress-free. It is a proven treatment for Meibomian Gland Disease/Dry Eye Disease as well as treatments of styes and chalazion (cysts) of the eyelids. LLLT uses an optimized wavelength which is absorbed by the mitochondria (the “power house” of the cell) and results in meibomian glands repair and regeneration, a process called PhotoBioModulation. Using a special mask designed to target the eyelids, the meibomian glands are now unclogged and are able to release oils needed to keep eyes healthy, moisturized, and comfortable. Safe, non-invasive application 15 or 30 minute in-office session No recovery time No side effects or discomfort Safe for adults and children Equinox Low Level Light Treatment (LLLT) Outcomes 85% of patients who have received Equinox Light treatment report noticeable improvements after just one application. Our doctors will discuss if any maintenance protocol may be indicated to preserve the benefits of the LLLT treatment. Patients with moderate to severe symptoms should undergo multiple, consecutive Equinox LLLT treatments to ensure better, longer-lasting results. Our doctors will recommend a treatment program for optimal results. The Low Level Light Therapy treatment may also help decrease the appearance of facial wrinkles, acne, and rosacea. Multiple treatments over a short period of time may be beneficial to get these results. Frequently Asked Questions About Equinox LLLT What to Expect During Treatment? This is a painless and patient-friendly procedure. Prior to your first treatment session, your Optometrist will assess the status and severity of your Dry Eye Disease. Then, the doctor will place the LLLT mask over your eyes and face to administer the treatment. ​​ It usually takes approximately 15 to 30 minutes to complete the treatment while the patient sits comfortably in a reclining chair. Regular daily activities can promptly resume following the treatment. Is Equinox LLLT Safe? Equinox LLLT delivers light to the treated area using LED, which makes this technology incredibly safe for patients of all ages. It is a non-invasive procedure, which is controlled by computer software built into the device and overseen by our doctors. There are no specific side effects or contraindications to Equinox Low Level Light Treatment. What to Expect After the Equinox LLLT Procedure? After the LLLT is complete, the doctor may offer you a facial skin cream to rehydrate the skin in the periorbital area of the face. No recovery time is needed and patients can resume normal activities. Patients notice the improvement in their dry eye sensation right away, even after the first treatment is done. What may be one of the important factors that is contributing to Dry Eye Disease in our society today? Dry eye disease has unfortunately become rampant. Starting in kindergarten, children use computers and electronic devices for several hours a day. Adults are no exception. When we stare at any electronic device, we tend to blink less often and our blinks are incomplete causing meibomian glands to become stagnant. Over time these glands that produce essential oils to lubricate our eye surface become clogged, inflamed and even die losing their function all together. How do I know if I have Dry Eye Disease and what needs to be done? Some patients may be experiencing symptoms of dry eyes such as grittiness, scratchy feeling or even watery eyes on occasion or even all the time. But there are a number of patients who do not present with any symptoms at all yet may have an advanced case of Dry Eye Disease. The sure way to know if you have Dry Eye Disease and whether your Meibomian glands are affected is to schedule an assessment with our doctors. If doctor determines the presence of Dry Eye Disease they will put together a customized treatment plan to improve the function and your quality of life.

  Link: Dry Eye Disease

• Not Every Vision Evaluation Is the Same

  A message from Dr. Spokas There is a big difference between a routine eye exam and a functional/developmental visual evaluation. When visual functional skills are not properly assessed or not assessed at all, a patient will often get a false sense of security that their vision, or their child’s vision, is fine and even “perfect.” Far too many times we have heard patient families say, “but we’ve already seen an eye doctor.” And among our adult patients, we can’t tell you how many tell me they have unnecessarily ended up in the ER or have been diagnosed with anxiety disorder or have been told that the symptoms they are experiencing are “all in their head.” Starting with a Functional Vision exam can make all the difference in treatment and relief. The Importance of a Functional Vision Evaluation When a child exhibits signs of reading and learning difficulties or an adult is suffering from poor visual performance which can show up as dizziness while driving or anxiety, the first step should be a Functional Vision Evaluation. After an in-depth case history, our doctors will perform an extensive assessment of visual skills such as eye tracking, eye teaming, eye focusing and visual processing. As in a standard eye exam, this evaluation also includes a thorough eye health and vision evaluation to assess visual acuity (eyesight) and refractive condition for appropriate corrective lenses, when needed. ​​​​​​​ Only optometrists who have undergone advanced post-graduate training in the field of vision development and have the necessary equipment required to test for and treat functional vision problems can perform the detailed assessment of visual function. Our doctors have achieved this qualification which is also why many colleagues and other professionals refer their patients to us. What Skills are Evaluated in a Functional Vision Evaluation? Sensorimotor Skills Binocular Vergence (Eye Teaming) Testing: A measurement of convergence, ranges of fusion and coordination of the two eyes working together. Oculomotor (Eye Tracking) Testing: A measurement of pursuits and saccades (micro eye movement in reading and scanning the environment). Accommodation (Eye Focusing) Testing: A measurement of eye focusing relating to the clarity of near vision, near visual attention, and looking near to far. Stereopsis (Depth Perception) Testing: A measurement of the eye’s ability to accurately judge depth cues when used together. Visual Integration Skills Visual-Fine Motor Integration: The ability to analyze and integrate visual information with fine motor movements of our hands such as with handwriting. Visual-Gross Motor Integration: The ability to analyze and integrate visual information with gross motor movements of our body, arms, and legs such as with propelling through space and with sports. Visual-Auditory Integration: The ability to analyze visual information and link it with an auditory response such as with seeing a word and saying it out loud, or to link an auditory stimulus with visual information such as with hearing a word and being able to write it down. Visual-Vestibular Integration: The ability to integrate the visual system and the vestibular system for proper orientation and balance. Visual Perceptual Skills Basic Processes: This tests visual discrimination, visual memory, visual spatial relations, and visual form constancy subtests. The basic processes are generally the first to develop and utilize similar processes for general perception. Visual Discrimination: The ability to see likes from differences. Visual Memory: The ability to visually remember the characteristics of a shape/object after a brief presentation. Visual-Spatial Relationships: The ability to see the difference among forms based on orientation. Visual Form Constancy: The ability to identify two of the same shape regardless of size differences. Sequencing: This tests the ability to remember visually presented material of increasing complexity and length. The task encourages chunking of visual information as its most successful intervention for remembering visual sequence. This ability is foundational for spelling and comprehension. Visual Sequential Memory: The ability to remember for immediate recall a series of forms in their specific order of presentation. Complex Processes: This tests visual figure ground and visual closure, which are higher levels of perceptual skills that build upon the basic processes and sequencing. These skills are important for environmental organization and understanding the main idea when reading. Visual Figure-Ground: The ability to perceive a form visually, and to find this form hidden in a clutter of background. Visual Closure: The ability to identify the missing components of an incomplete image based on prior knowledge.

  Link: Not Every Vision Evaluation Is the Same